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| website = }} Baalbek (),〔.〕 properly Baʿalbek () and also known as Balbec, Baalbec or Baalbeck,〔. 〕 is a town in the Anti-Lebanon foothills east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut and about north of Damascus. It has a population of approximately 82,608, mostly Shia Muslims, and is reckoned a stronghold of the Hezbollah movement. It is home to the annual Baalbeck International Festival. In Greek and Roman antiquity, it was known as Heliopolis. It still possesses some of the best-preserved Roman ruins in Lebanon, including one of the largest temples of the empire. The gods that were worshipped there—Jupiter, Venus, and Bacchus—were equivalents of the Canaanite deities Hadad, Atargatis, and another young male fertility god. Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples, which vary from the classic Roman design. ==Name== Located a few miles from the swamp from which the Litani (the classical Leontes) and the Asi (the upper Orontes) flow, Baalbek may be the same as the ("Source of the Two Rivers") which is called the abode of El in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle〔KTU 1.4 IV 21.〕 discovered in the 1920s and a separate serpent incantation.〔KTU 1.100.3.〕 Heliopolis is the latinisation of the Greek ''Hēlioúpolis'' (), meaning "Sun City" in reference to the solar cult there. It is the earlier attested of the two names, appearing under the Seleucids and Ptolemies. Ammianus Marcellinus, however, does note that earlier "Assyrian" names of Levantine towns continued to be used alongside the official Greek ones imposed by the successors of Alexander.〔Amm. Marc., (''Hist.'', Bk XIV, Ch. 8, §6 ).〕 In Greek religion, Helios was both the sun in the sky and its personification as a god. The local Semitic god Baʿal Haddu was more often equated with Zeus or Jupiter or simply called the "Great God of Heliopolis", but the name may refer to the Egyptians' association of Baʿal with their great god Ra. It was sometimes described as or Coelesyria ((ラテン語:Heliopolis Syriaca) or ''ラテン語:Syriae'') to distinguish it from its namesake in Egypt. In Catholicism, its titular see is distinguished as , from its former Roman province Phoenice. The importance of the solar cult is also attested in the name Biḳāʿ al-ʿAzīz borne by the plateau surrounding Baalbek, as it references an earlier Syrian solar deity and not later men named Aziz. The name is first attested in two early 5th-century Syriac manuscripts: a translation of Eusebius's ''Theophania''〔Brit. Mus. Add. 12150.〕〔Eusebius, ''Theophania'', 2.14.〕 and a life of Rabbula, bishop of Edessa. It was pronounced as ''Baʿlabakka'' or ''Baʿlabakku'' () in Classical Arabic. In Modern Standard Arabic, its vowels are marked as ''Baʿlabak''〔.〕 or ''Baʿlabekk'' () or ''Bʿalbik''〔 (), the latter of which is pronounced (:ˈbʕalbik) in Lebanese Arabic. The half ring or apostrophe in these romanisations marks the word's pharyngeal stop. The etymology of Baalbek has been debated indecisively since the 18th century. Cook took it to mean "Lord of the Beka" and Donne as "City of the Sun". Lendering asserts that it is probably a contraction of ''Baʿal Nebeq'' ("Lord of the Source" of the Litani River). Steiner proposes a Semitic adaption of "Lord Bacchus", from the classical temple complex. On the basis of its similar name, several 19th-century Biblical archaeologists attempted to connect Baalbek to the "Baalgad" mentioned in the Hebrew Scripture's Book of Joshua,〔.〕 the Baalath listed among Solomon's cities in the First Book of Kings,〔.〕 the Baal-hamon where he had a vineyard,〔.〕 and the "Plain of Aven" in Amos.〔,〕 although none of these associations have modern support. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baalbek」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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